Metaphors We Live By

Knowledge Graph: Metaphors We Live By (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980)

Editorial spotlight: ↑ metaphor as cognitive structure, not ornament

Concepts

• conceptual metaphor system (importance 5): The central claim: metaphor structures thought itself, not just language. Our ordinary conceptual system is fundamentally metaphorical in nature.. Source: (from training memory of book). Quote: "our ordinary conceptual system, in terms of which we both think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical in nature".
• ARGUMENT IS WAR (importance 5): The opening exemplar metaphor showing how we structure the concept of argument in terms of war: we attack positions, defend claims, demolish arguments.. Source: Chapter 1 (from training memory of book).
• orientational metaphors (importance 5): Metaphors that organize concepts in spatial terms (up-down, in-out, front-back, etc.). Give a concept a spatial orientation relative to other concepts.. Source: Chapter 4 (from training memory of book).
• ontological metaphors (importance 5): Metaphors that treat abstract concepts, activities, emotions, and ideas as entities and substances, allowing us to refer to them, categorize them, quantify them.. Source: Chapter 5-6 (from training memory of book).
• structural metaphors (importance 5): Metaphors where one concept is structured in terms of another (like ARGUMENT IS WAR). These are the richest and most developed metaphorical mappings.. Source: Chapter 2-3 (from training memory of book).
• TIME IS MONEY (importance 4): A culturally specific structural metaphor where time is conceptualized as a valuable commodity: we spend time, invest time, budget time, waste time.. Source: Chapter 1-2 (from training memory of book).
• HAPPY IS UP / SAD IS DOWN (importance 4): An orientational metaphor grounded in bodily experience: drooping posture when sad, erect posture when happy. We say 'I'm feeling up' or 'He's really low these days.'. Source: Chapter 4 (from training memory of book).
• MORE IS UP / LESS IS DOWN (importance 4): Orientational metaphor based on adding more substance to a container or pile: prices rise and fall, turn up the heat, numbers are high or low.. Source: Chapter 4 (from training memory of book).
• conduit metaphor (Reddy) (importance 4): Michael Reddy's term for how we conceptualize communication: ideas are objects, words are containers, communication is sending. Lakoff & Johnson build on this.. Source: Chapter 10 (from training memory of book).
• container schema (importance 4): Our experience of our bodies as containers and of bounded spaces gives rise to in-out orientation and supports many ontological metaphors.. Source: Chapter 5 (from training memory of book).
• cross-domain mapping (importance 4): The fundamental operation of metaphor: systematic correspondence between elements of a source domain and elements of a target domain.. Source: (from training memory of book).
• THEORIES ARE BUILDINGS (importance 3): Structural metaphor: theories have foundations, are buttressed by facts, can collapse, need support. Grounds abstract intellectual structure in physical construction.. Source: Chapter 3 (from training memory of book).
• LOVE IS A JOURNEY (importance 3): Structural metaphor: relationships are vehicles, lovers are travelers, relationship goals are destinations. We're at a crossroads, going nowhere, on the rocks.. Source: Chapter 8 (from training memory of book).
• IDEAS ARE OBJECTS (importance 3): Ontological metaphor allowing us to refer to, categorize, group, and quantify ideas. We grasp concepts, juggle ideas, put thoughts into words.. Source: Chapter 5 (from training memory of book).
• THE MIND IS A CONTAINER (importance 3): Ontological metaphor: ideas are in or out of mind, we're empty-headed or can't get something into our heads, filled with emotion.. Source: Chapter 5 (from training memory of book).
• personification metaphors (importance 3): A type of ontological metaphor where we understand non-human things in human terms. Allows us to make sense of phenomena using our understanding of human motivations.. Source: Chapter 6 (from training memory of book).
• UNDERSTANDING IS SEEING (importance 3): Structural metaphor grounded in vision: I see what you mean, that's clear, it's murky, shed light on, illuminate, perspective, point of view.. Source: Chapter 3 (from training memory of book).
• GOOD IS UP / BAD IS DOWN (importance 3): Things are looking up, high quality, peak performance, low quality, the bottom fell out, reached a new low. Subsumes happy-is-up and health-is-up.. Source: Chapter 4 (from training memory of book).
• substance metaphors (importance 3): A type of ontological metaphor: treating abstract things as substances. We're running out of energy, he's full of hate, she's brimming with happiness.. Source: Chapter 5 (from training memory of book).
• metonymy vs metaphor (importance 3): Metonymy uses one entity to stand for another (the ham sandwich = customer who ordered it). Unlike metaphor, it's referential, not understanding one thing in terms of another.. Source: Chapter 8 (from training memory of book).
• metaphorical entailments (importance 3): Each metaphor brings with it a set of entailments from the source domain. ARGUMENT IS WAR entails attackers, defenders, strategies, victories, defeats.. Source: Chapter 2 (from training memory of book).
• TIME IS SPACE (importance 3): We understand time in terms of spatial motion: Christmas is approaching, we're coming up on the deadline, time flies. A pervasive orientational metaphor.. Source: Chapter 9 (from training memory of book).
• causation as forced movement (importance 3): We understand causation metaphorically as forced motion: he drove me crazy, she pushed him to do it, force him into submission, compelled to act.. Source: Chapter 14 (from training memory of book).
• natural kinds of experience (importance 3): Our experience naturally divides into certain kinds based on recurring patterns. These experiential gestalts provide the source domains for metaphors.. Source: Chapter 16 (from training memory of book).
• interactional properties (importance 3): Properties aren't inherent in objects but emerge from our interaction with them. Chairs are for sitting based on human bodies and cultural practice, not intrinsic chairness.. Source: Chapter 22 (from training memory of book).
• source domain (importance 3): The domain we draw from to understand another concept. Must be relatively concrete and well-structured from experience (war, journey, building).. Source: (from training memory of book).
• target domain (importance 3): The domain being understood metaphorically. Typically more abstract or less clearly delineated (argument, love, ideas, time).. Source: (from training memory of book).
• image schemas (importance 3): Recurring patterns from bodily experience (container, path, force, balance) that structure both physical and abstract concepts. Prelinguistic structures of experience.. Source: (inferred from Chapters 14-15).
• experiential gestalt (importance 3): Multidimensional structured wholes from recurrent experiences. Not arbitrary bundles of properties but coherent experiential patterns that provide source domains.. Source: Chapter 16 (from training memory of book).
• INFLATION IS AN ENTITY (importance 2): Example of ontological metaphor: inflation is treated as a thing that can attack us, hurt us, eat up profits, even though it's an abstract economic process.. Source: Chapter 6 (from training memory of book).
• LIFE IS A GAMBLING GAME (importance 2): Structural metaphor: I'll take my chances, the odds are against me, I've got an ace up my sleeve, he's holding all the cards.. Source: Chapter 3 (from training memory of book).
• AN ARGUMENT IS A BUILDING (importance 2): Alternative structuring to ARGUMENT IS WAR: arguments have foundations, framework, can collapse, need buttressing. Shows same concept can have multiple metaphors.. Source: Chapter 3 (from training memory of book).
• CONSCIOUS IS UP / UNCONSCIOUS IS DOWN (importance 2): Orientational metaphor: wake up, I'm up already, he fell asleep, he dropped off, he sank into a coma. Grounded in posture during waking and sleep.. Source: Chapter 4 (from training memory of book).
• HEALTH IS UP / SICKNESS IS DOWN (importance 2): He's in top shape, peak condition, he fell ill, came down with the flu, his health is declining. Grounded in drooping posture when sick.. Source: Chapter 4 (from training memory of book).
• CONTROL IS UP / LACK OF CONTROL IS DOWN (importance 2): I'm on top of the situation, he's under my control, she fell from power, his power is on the rise. Grounded in physical dominance correlating with up.. Source: Chapter 4 (from training memory of book).
• VIRTUE IS UP / DEPRAVITY IS DOWN (importance 2): High-minded, upstanding citizen, low-down, that would be beneath me, fell into the abyss of depravity.. Source: Chapter 4 (from training memory of book).
• RATIONAL IS UP / EMOTIONAL IS DOWN (importance 2): The discussion fell to an emotional level, kept rising to the philosophical level, couldn't rise above petty emotions.. Source: Chapter 4 (from training memory of book).
• VISUAL FIELD IS A CONTAINER (importance 2): Things come into view, go out of sight, can't see it from here. Our visual field has boundaries that function like container boundaries.. Source: Chapter 5 (from training memory of book).
• ACTIVITIES ARE SUBSTANCES (importance 2): Ontological metaphor: there's not a lot of good hard work being done, get a lot of reading in this year, what he did was to run away.. Source: Chapter 6 (from training memory of book).
• EVENTS ARE OBJECTS (importance 2): Are you going to the race? That was a good meeting. Events can be referred to as discrete bounded entities.. Source: Chapter 6 (from training memory of book).
• THE PART FOR THE WHOLE metonymy (importance 2): We need a couple of strong bodies, get your butt over here, I've got a new set of wheels. A salient part stands for the whole.. Source: Chapter 8 (from training memory of book).
• PRODUCER FOR PRODUCT metonymy (importance 2): He bought a Ford, read some Chomsky, I'll have a Heineken. The producer entity stands for the thing produced.. Source: Chapter 8 (from training memory of book).
• PLACE FOR INSTITUTION metonymy (importance 2): The White House denied the allegations, Wall Street is worried, Hollywood is putting out terrible movies. Place stands for institution located there.. Source: Chapter 8 (from training memory of book).
• LIFE IS A CONTAINER (importance 2): His life is empty, she has a full life, there's not much left in life for him. Life has boundaries and can contain things.. Source: Chapter 5 (from training memory of book).
• EMOTIONAL EFFECTS ARE PHYSICAL FORCES (importance 2): Swept off his feet, pulled toward her, drawn to him, feel a magnetic attraction. Emotions understood as physical forces acting on us.. Source: Chapter 14 (from training memory of book).
• SEEING AS TOUCHING (importance 2): I can't take my eyes off him, their eyes met, she touched him with her eyes. Vision metaphorically structured as physical contact.. Source: Chapter 14 (from training memory of book).
• basic-level categories (importance 2): The level of categorization that arises from bodily experience (chair vs furniture vs desk-chair). Where gestalt perception, motor actions, and mental images converge.. Source: Chapter 17 (from training memory of book).
• prototype effects (importance 2): Category membership is not all-or-nothing. Some members are better examples than others (robin vs penguin for bird). Categories have prototypical centers.. Source: Chapter 17 (from training memory of book).
• UNDERSTANDING IS GRASPING (importance 2): I grasp the concept, couldn't get a handle on it, it's within my grasp now. Understanding metaphorically structured as physical manipulation.. Source: Chapter 3 (from training memory of book).
• COMMUNICATION IS SHOWING (importance 2): An alternative to conduit metaphor: let me show you what I mean, I see what you're saying. Communication as enabling someone to see rather than transferring objects.. Source: Chapter 10 (from training memory of book).
• ANGER IS HEAT (importance 2): Boiling mad, simmer down, she's getting hot under the collar, he blew his stack. Anger understood in terms of heat/fluid pressure in container (body).. Source: (from training memory of book).
• IDEAS ARE FOOD (importance 2): Food for thought, let me stew on that, half-baked idea, raw facts, swallow an argument. Mental activity understood in terms of eating and digesting.. Source: Chapter 5 (from training memory of book).
• IDEAS ARE PEOPLE (importance 2): The idea never got off the ground, the theory is dead, that idea has been resurrected. Ideas as living beings that can be born, grow, die.. Source: Chapter 6 (from training memory of book).
• IDEAS ARE PLANTS (importance 2): Budding theory, seeds of doubt, ideas came to fruition, flowered into an interesting proposal. Ideas as growing organisms.. Source: Chapter 6 (from training memory of book).
• IDEAS ARE PRODUCTS (importance 2): Intellectual assembly line, thought factory, generate ideas, produce a theory, knowledge industry. Mental activity as manufacturing.. Source: Chapter 6 (from training memory of book).
• IDEAS ARE COMMODITIES (importance 2): Buy that idea, cheap trick, exchange ideas, got his idea across, marketing of ideas. Ideas as things that can be bought and sold.. Source: Chapter 6 (from training memory of book).
• IDEAS ARE RESOURCES (importance 2): Mining information, draw on his ideas, rich source, exhausted my ideas. Ideas as natural resources to be extracted.. Source: Chapter 6 (from training memory of book).
• LABOR IS A RESOURCE (importance 2): Waste energy, allocate your time, budget your effort, conserve your strength. Work understood as depletable substance.. Source: Chapter 6 (from training memory of book).
• TIME IS A RESOURCE (importance 2): Spend time wisely, invest time, waste time, lose time, save time. Time as valuable substance that can be used productively or squandered.. Source: Chapter 1 (from training memory of book).
• HIGH STATUS IS UP / LOW STATUS IS DOWN (importance 2): High ranking official, lower-class, social climbing, rise to the top, bottom of the social hierarchy. Status mapped onto vertical space.. Source: Chapter 4 (from training memory of book).
• GENERIC IS SPECIFIC (importance 2): A type of metaphorical mapping where we understand a general category in terms of a prototypical specific member. Not explicitly named but implicit in their theory.. Source: (inferred from Chapter 17).
• FUTURE IS AHEAD / PAST IS BEHIND (importance 2): Looking ahead to the future, that's behind us now, upcoming weeks. Time mapped onto front-back orientation based on direction of motion.. Source: Chapter 9 (from training memory of book).
• dead metaphor vs conventional metaphor (importance 2): The authors argue there's no such thing as truly dead metaphor. Conventional metaphors structure thought even when we're unaware of their metaphorical nature.. Source: Chapter 11 (from training memory of book).
• UNKNOWN IS UP / KNOWN IS DOWN (importance 1): That's up in the air, it's settling down, up for grabs. Uncertainty mapped to up-orientation.. Source: Chapter 4 (from training memory of book).
• LOVE IS MADNESS (importance 1): I'm crazy about her, madly in love, she drives me wild, insanely jealous. Love understood as mental instability or insanity.. Source: Chapter 8 (from training memory of book).
• LOVE IS MAGIC (importance 1): She cast a spell over me, I'm spellbound, magical relationship, entranced by her, bewitched. Love as supernatural force.. Source: Chapter 8 (from training memory of book).
• LOVE IS WAR (importance 1): Fight for her, won her hand, lost him to another woman, conquest, siege. Love understood as conflict/combat for possession.. Source: Chapter 8 (from training memory of book).
• LOVE IS A PHYSICAL FORCE (importance 1): Gravitational pull, magnetic attraction, electricity between them, sparks flew, swept off her feet. Love as physical energy or force field.. Source: Chapter 8 (from training memory of book).
• LOVE IS A PATIENT (importance 1): Sick relationship, unhealthy marriage, dying love, revive the relationship. Love as entity that can be healthy or sick.. Source: Chapter 8 (from training memory of book).

Claims

• bodily grounding thesis (importance 5): Metaphors arise from our physical experience in the world. The structure of our body and our interactions with the physical environment provide the basis for metaphorical concepts.. Source: (from training memory of book).
• experientialist alternative (importance 5): The authors' proposed philosophy: meaning arises from embodied experience and metaphorical understanding. Neither purely objective nor purely subjective.. Source: Chapters 21-30 (from training memory of book).
• embodied cognition thesis (importance 5): Cognition is fundamentally shaped by the body and its interactions with the environment. Not a disembodied manipulation of symbols but grounded in bodily experience.. Source: (from training memory of book).
• metaphorical systematicity (importance 4): Metaphorical mappings are not arbitrary or isolated. They form coherent systems where multiple entailments follow from a single metaphorical structuring.. Source: Chapter 7 (from training memory of book).
• highlighting and hiding principle (importance 4): A metaphor necessarily highlights certain aspects of a concept while hiding others. No metaphor can capture a concept completely — each brings out different aspects.. Source: Chapter 10 (from training memory of book).
• spatial grounding of orientational metaphors (importance 4): Up-down, in-out, front-back orientations arise from our bodies having an up-down orientation, containers, and fronts and backs. Physical basis for spatial metaphors.. Source: Chapter 14 (from training memory of book).
• cultural basis of metaphor (importance 4): While some metaphors may be universal due to shared bodily experience, many are culturally specific. TIME IS MONEY is peculiar to modern Western culture.. Source: Chapter 2 (from training memory of book).
• rejection of objectivism (importance 4): The authors reject the objectivist tradition that truth is absolute and language is literal. They argue meaning is grounded in experience and metaphorical understanding is primary.. Source: Chapters 21-27 (from training memory of book).
• imagination grounds rationality (importance 4): Rationality isn't pure logic independent of body and imagination. It requires imagination and metaphorical understanding to structure abstract concepts.. Source: Chapter 28 (from training memory of book).
• metaphor defines reality (importance 4): Metaphors don't just describe pre-existing reality but shape it. How we metaphorically understand something affects what is real for us and guides our actions.. Source: Chapter 22 (from training memory of book).
• reality-metaphor interaction (importance 4): Metaphors both arise from our experience of reality AND shape what is real for us. Bidirectional relationship between metaphor and reality.. Source: Chapter 22 (from training memory of book).
• myth of objectivity (importance 4): The objectivist assumption that truth is absolute correspondence with objective reality. Lakoff & Johnson argue this ignores the role of embodied understanding.. Source: Chapter 24 (from training memory of book).
• metaphorical coherence (importance 3): Metaphors in a conceptual system must cohere with one another, though they need not be consistent. Cultural coherence takes priority over logical consistency.. Source: Chapter 18 (from training memory of book).
• rejection of subjectivism (importance 3): Also reject pure subjectivism where meaning is purely imaginative. Metaphors are grounded in experience, not arbitrary creations of mind.. Source: Chapters 21-27 (from training memory of book).
• truth based on understanding (importance 3): Truth is not absolute correspondence with objective reality but relative to our conceptual system and based on our understanding through metaphor.. Source: Chapter 24 (from training memory of book).
• metaphor creates new meaning (importance 3): Metaphors aren't just comparisons of pre-existing similarities. They create new similarities and new ways of experiencing by structuring one domain in terms of another.. Source: Chapter 12 (from training memory of book).
• literal-metaphorical continuum (importance 3): No clear boundary between literal and metaphorical. What we take as literal is often dead metaphor. The distinction is a matter of degree and conventionality.. Source: Chapter 11 (from training memory of book).
• partial structuring principle (importance 3): Metaphorical structuring is partial, not total. Only some aspects of the source domain map onto the target domain. We don't fight arguments with guns.. Source: Chapter 10 (from training memory of book).
• multiple inconsistent metaphors (importance 3): A single concept can be structured by multiple metaphors that may be inconsistent with each other (ARGUMENT IS WAR vs ARGUMENT IS BUILDING). They highlight different aspects.. Source: Chapter 3 (from training memory of book).
• up-down grounded in erect posture (importance 3): Humans' erect posture creates a unique up-down orientation for the body. This bodily experience grounds many up-down orientational metaphors.. Source: Chapter 14 (from training memory of book).
• categories arise from experience (importance 3): Categories are not objective features of reality but emerge from our bodily experience and cultural practice. They reflect human interests and interactions.. Source: Chapter 17 (from training memory of book).
• linguistic expressions reveal conceptual metaphors (importance 3): Systematic patterns in language reflect underlying conceptual metaphors. Not just poetic language but ordinary everyday expressions reveal metaphorical thought.. Source: Chapter 1 (from training memory of book).
• political consequences of metaphor (importance 3): Metaphors are politically consequential. How we metaphorically frame issues (welfare as helping hand vs drain on resources) shapes policy and action.. Source: Chapter 22-23 (from training memory of book).
• metaphor is not comparison (importance 3): Metaphor is not based on pre-existing similarity but creates similarity. We understand one thing IN TERMS OF another, not just as similar to it.. Source: Chapter 12 (from training memory of book).
• new metaphors restructure experience (importance 3): When poets or scientists create new metaphors, they create new ways of experiencing reality, not just new ways of describing pre-existing reality.. Source: Chapter 12 (from training memory of book).
• front-back asymmetry grounding (importance 2): Our bodies' front-back asymmetry (we move forward, see in front) grounds front-back orientational metaphors and the FUTURE IS AHEAD / PAST IS BEHIND mapping.. Source: Chapter 14 (from training memory of book).

Entities

• Michael Reddy (1979) (importance 2): Linguist whose work on the conduit metaphor significantly influenced Lakoff & Johnson. His 'The Conduit Metaphor' paper identified the COMMUNICATION IS SENDING metaphor.. Source: Chapter 10 (from training memory of book).

Relations

• conceptual metaphor system generalizes structural metaphors
• conceptual metaphor system generalizes orientational metaphors
• conceptual metaphor system generalizes ontological metaphors
• ARGUMENT IS WAR exemplifies structural metaphors
• TIME IS MONEY exemplifies structural metaphors
• THEORIES ARE BUILDINGS exemplifies structural metaphors
• LOVE IS A JOURNEY exemplifies structural metaphors
• UNDERSTANDING IS SEEING exemplifies structural metaphors
• HAPPY IS UP / SAD IS DOWN exemplifies orientational metaphors
• MORE IS UP / LESS IS DOWN exemplifies orientational metaphors
• CONSCIOUS IS UP / UNCONSCIOUS IS DOWN exemplifies orientational metaphors
• HEALTH IS UP / SICKNESS IS DOWN exemplifies orientational metaphors
• CONTROL IS UP / LACK OF CONTROL IS DOWN exemplifies orientational metaphors
• GOOD IS UP / BAD IS DOWN exemplifies orientational metaphors
• VIRTUE IS UP / DEPRAVITY IS DOWN exemplifies orientational metaphors
• RATIONAL IS UP / EMOTIONAL IS DOWN exemplifies orientational metaphors
• HIGH STATUS IS UP / LOW STATUS IS DOWN exemplifies orientational metaphors
• UNKNOWN IS UP / KNOWN IS DOWN exemplifies orientational metaphors
• IDEAS ARE OBJECTS exemplifies ontological metaphors
• THE MIND IS A CONTAINER exemplifies ontological metaphors
• INFLATION IS AN ENTITY exemplifies ontological metaphors
• container schema enables ontological metaphors
• substance metaphors exemplifies ontological metaphors
• ACTIVITIES ARE SUBSTANCES exemplifies ontological metaphors
• EVENTS ARE OBJECTS exemplifies ontological metaphors
• personification metaphors exemplifies ontological metaphors
• bodily grounding thesis enables orientational metaphors
• bodily grounding thesis enables ontological metaphors
• bodily grounding thesis enables structural metaphors
• metaphorical systematicity enables metaphorical entailments
• metaphorical entailments supports structural metaphors
• ARGUMENT IS WAR exemplifies metaphorical entailments
• highlighting and hiding principle supports partial structuring principle
• partial structuring principle supports structural metaphors
• multiple inconsistent metaphors supports highlighting and hiding principle
• ARGUMENT IS WAR contradicts AN ARGUMENT IS A BUILDING
• multiple inconsistent metaphors supports metaphorical coherence
• conduit metaphor (Reddy) contradicts COMMUNICATION IS SHOWING
• Michael Reddy (1979) cites conduit metaphor (Reddy)
• spatial grounding of orientational metaphors enables orientational metaphors
• up-down grounded in erect posture supports spatial grounding of orientational metaphors
• front-back asymmetry grounding supports spatial grounding of orientational metaphors
• container schema supports spatial grounding of orientational metaphors
• TIME IS SPACE exemplifies orientational metaphors
• FUTURE IS AHEAD / PAST IS BEHIND exemplifies TIME IS SPACE
• front-back asymmetry grounding enables FUTURE IS AHEAD / PAST IS BEHIND
• metonymy vs metaphor supports conceptual metaphor system
• THE PART FOR THE WHOLE metonymy exemplifies metonymy vs metaphor
• PRODUCER FOR PRODUCT metonymy exemplifies metonymy vs metaphor
• PLACE FOR INSTITUTION metonymy exemplifies metonymy vs metaphor
• cultural basis of metaphor evidences TIME IS MONEY
• rejection of objectivism motivates experientialist alternative
• rejection of subjectivism motivates experientialist alternative
• experientialist alternative requires bodily grounding thesis
• experientialist alternative requires conceptual metaphor system
• truth based on understanding supports experientialist alternative
• metaphor creates new meaning supports metaphor is not comparison
• literal-metaphorical continuum supports dead metaphor vs conventional metaphor
• LIFE IS A GAMBLING GAME exemplifies structural metaphors
• LIFE IS A CONTAINER exemplifies ontological metaphors
• causation as forced movement exemplifies structural metaphors
• EMOTIONAL EFFECTS ARE PHYSICAL FORCES exemplifies causation as forced movement
• natural kinds of experience supports experiential gestalt
• experiential gestalt enables source domain
• SEEING AS TOUCHING exemplifies structural metaphors
• interactional properties supports experientialist alternative
• basic-level categories supports categories arise from experience
• prototype effects supports categories arise from experience
• imagination grounds rationality refutes rejection of objectivism
• imagination grounds rationality supports experientialist alternative
• metaphor defines reality supports reality-metaphor interaction
• categories arise from experience supports experientialist alternative
• UNDERSTANDING IS GRASPING exemplifies structural metaphors
• COMMUNICATION IS SHOWING exemplifies structural metaphors
• ANGER IS HEAT exemplifies ontological metaphors
• IDEAS ARE FOOD exemplifies ontological metaphors
• IDEAS ARE PEOPLE exemplifies personification metaphors
• IDEAS ARE PLANTS exemplifies personification metaphors
• IDEAS ARE PRODUCTS exemplifies ontological metaphors
• IDEAS ARE COMMODITIES exemplifies ontological metaphors
• IDEAS ARE RESOURCES exemplifies ontological metaphors
• LABOR IS A RESOURCE exemplifies ontological metaphors
• TIME IS A RESOURCE supports TIME IS MONEY
• GOOD IS UP / BAD IS DOWN generalizes HAPPY IS UP / SAD IS DOWN
• GOOD IS UP / BAD IS DOWN generalizes HEALTH IS UP / SICKNESS IS DOWN
• linguistic expressions reveal conceptual metaphors evidences conceptual metaphor system
• political consequences of metaphor supports metaphor defines reality
• LOVE IS A JOURNEY supports LOVE IS MADNESS
• LOVE IS A JOURNEY supports LOVE IS MAGIC
• LOVE IS A JOURNEY supports LOVE IS WAR
• LOVE IS A JOURNEY supports LOVE IS A PHYSICAL FORCE
• LOVE IS A JOURNEY supports LOVE IS A PATIENT
• cross-domain mapping enables conceptual metaphor system
• source domain requires cross-domain mapping
• target domain requires cross-domain mapping
• embodied cognition thesis enables bodily grounding thesis
• embodied cognition thesis supports experientialist alternative
• image schemas supports experiential gestalt
• image schemas exemplifies container schema
• metaphor is not comparison supports metaphor creates new meaning
• reality-metaphor interaction supports experientialist alternative
• myth of objectivity supports rejection of objectivism
• new metaphors restructure experience supports metaphor creates new meaning
• new metaphors restructure experience supports reality-metaphor interaction
• VISUAL FIELD IS A CONTAINER exemplifies container schema
• container schema enables THE MIND IS A CONTAINER
• container schema enables LIFE IS A CONTAINER
• container schema enables VISUAL FIELD IS A CONTAINER
• HAPPY IS UP / SAD IS DOWN evidences spatial grounding of orientational metaphors
• HEALTH IS UP / SICKNESS IS DOWN evidences spatial grounding of orientational metaphors
• CONSCIOUS IS UP / UNCONSCIOUS IS DOWN evidences spatial grounding of orientational metaphors
• up-down grounded in erect posture enables HAPPY IS UP / SAD IS DOWN
• up-down grounded in erect posture enables HEALTH IS UP / SICKNESS IS DOWN
• up-down grounded in erect posture enables CONSCIOUS IS UP / UNCONSCIOUS IS DOWN
• up-down grounded in erect posture enables MORE IS UP / LESS IS DOWN
• experiential gestalt supports bodily grounding thesis

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